Tuesday, September 5, 2023

Adding Beneficiaries to Your Schwab Intelligent Portfolios Accounts

Here is the article.

Why do you need to name a beneficiary on different accounts, like an IRA, 401(k), brokerage account or life insurance policy?

No one likes to think about what would happen to their assets if they died unexpectedly, but it’s important to do so—and be sure to name the right beneficiaries for different accounts.

This simple but important step helps protect your assets by ensuring they go to the person you intend. And it also helps your loved ones during what can be an emotionally and financially difficult time.

Beneficiaries are unique to each account and do not carry over from old accounts.

Schwab Intelligent Portfolios® offers a range of account types. Clients can designate beneficiaries for both individual retirement accounts (IRAs) and brokerage accounts. However, the process for updating your beneficiaries differs between the two, so make sure you follow the correct steps for the type of account you have.

Choosing a beneficiary for retirement accounts

With retirement assets, a will is not the way to make your wishes known. Instead, you must designate at least one beneficiary—whether a family member, friend, trust or charity—for each account you own.

This ensures that if the worst should happen to you, your retirement assets will go exactly where you specify. In fact, if you don't have a beneficiary designation on file with your financial institution, the courts could make that important decision for you.

Depending where you live, your account could go into the potentially long (and expensive) legal process known as probate. That could cost your loved ones time as well as money, not to mention add to their stress at what may be the worst possible time.

Designating beneficiaries for Schwab Intelligent Portfolios retirement accounts

To add or update your IRA beneficiaries online, log in at intelligent.schwab.com and select your IRA account:

  1. Click on the Profile tab.
  2. Click Update Beneficiaries.
  3. Click the Add or Modify button.

Note: You will need the name and date of birth (if the beneficiary is a person) to add or modify your beneficiaries.

Choosing a beneficiary for nonretirement accounts

With a brokerage account, the type of ownership you choose could dictate where your assets go. For example, an individual account typically would go to your estate (and be distributed according to your will—after going through probate), while your interest in a Joint Tenant with Right of Survivorship account would go to the surviving owner(s).

By contrast, a Schwab Designated Beneficiary Plan Agreement enables your brokerage account to avoid probate. That said, if you already have an estate plan or a trust in place or are considering one, consult with your advisor or attorney to avoid any conflicts between your estate plan and your account beneficiaries.

Designating beneficiaries for Schwab Intelligent Portfolios nonretirement accounts

Start by logging in at intelligent.schwab.com:

  1. Click on Legal & Account Forms from the menu.
  2. Scroll down to Account Servicing Forms and select Designated Beneficiary Plan Application.
  3. Complete, sign and return the Designated Beneficiary Plan Agreement.

Know the right steps to take

Naming beneficiaries typically only takes a few minutes, depending on the account and your financial institution. It helps to have the Social Security or tax ID number and address handy for anyone you plan to name.

Review your beneficiaries periodically, especially if your financial situation changes due to marriage, children, divorce, employment status, etc.

How Schwab Intelligent Portfolios can help

You can have as many as 10 different types of Schwab Intelligent Portfolios accounts, each with a customized strategy for a specific goal. Be sure to set up a beneficiary for each account you open.

Charles Schwab | Account setup

 https://sws-gateway.schwab.com/ui/host/#/personal-information

Friday, September 1, 2023

Amazon | Back to office

‘It's probably not going to work out for you’: Amazon CEO warns employees working from home

Amazon CEO Andy Jassy has clarified that employees who cannot comply with the company’s rules are free to leave

SUMMARY
  • As per the company guidelines, the remote workers are expected to report to the main hub by the first half of 2024
  • Amazon made over 27,000 job cuts worldwide this year
  • Reportedly, Amazon spokesperson Rob Munoz said that the company pays relocation benefits to all employees who are asked to relocate

 

Amazon CEO, Andy Jassy, has made it clear that the company employees need to start working from the office. As per a report by Insider, Jassy has told employees working from home that ‘it is not going to work out for them’ if they don’t start working from the office. Notably, the company has asked some employees to move to the central hub. Those who are unwilling or are unable to comply have been asked to look for new jobs elsewhere.

Amazon CEO warns employees against remote work 

Jassy was quoted saying, “It’s past the time to disagree and commit. If you can’t disagree and commit, it’s probably not going to work out for you at Amazon because we are going back to the office at least three days a week.”

Jassy has reportedly clarified that employees who cannot comply with the company’s rules are free to leave. This was a “judgment call”, he added.

Back in May, the company had explained, “It’s easier to learn, model, practice, and strengthen our culture when we’re in the office together most of the time and surrounded by our colleagues.”

Also Read: Top tech gifts to give your sibling this Rakshabandhan under Rs 10,000

As per the company guidelines, the remote workers are expected to report to the main hub by the first half of 2024, reported CNBC. These designated hubs include Seattle, Arlington, New York, Chicago, San Francisco, and more. Notably, Amazon spokesperson Rob Munoz revealed that the company pays relocation benefits to all employees who are asked to relocate.

Munoz told CNBC, “It’s not a one-size-fits-all approach, so we decided that the best thing to do was to communicate directly with teams and individuals who are affected to ensure they’re getting accurate information that’s relevant to them. If an individual feels like they don’t have the information they need, we encourage them to talk with their HR business partner or their manager.”

Amazon made over 27,000 job cuts worldwide this year. Jassy, in a memo, had revealed that it was the company’s biggest layoff in the history of Amazon.

亚马逊CEO放狠话:不回办公室就走人

从畅想远程办公的未来式,到打击远程办公的“剧情逆袭”,亚马逊似乎是其中风浪最大的一个。

总是充满希望和朝气的硅谷大厂们,最近却罕见在一个问题碰了壁——如何让员工回归办公室。

这不,疫情过去大半年了,亚马逊CEOAndy Jassy还在为此头痛,前不久更亲自放下狠话:“不回办公室的人,没有出路。( 原话‘not going to work out for you’)”

疫情期间的远程办公实验,给硅谷大厂们遗留下了棘手的问题。包括马斯克的X(Twitter)、扎克伯格的Meta等在内,远程工作迅速成为大型科技公司效率低下和糟糕业务决策的替罪羊。

但在疫情高峰期,也都是这些公司在吹嘘他们转向了远程和混合工作模式,生产力和创造力飙升。现在,怎么都开始将生产力下降归咎于远程工作。

01 正式吹响“远程办公”终结哨声

今年2月,亚马逊的远程员工们接到了一封特殊通知。这个通知不是喊他们去领取中奖大礼包,而是命令他们到办公室里搬砖:

亚马逊宣布,推出强制三天回办公室(RTO)政策,要求员工从 5 月份开始每周返回办公室三天。

对于那些一直在家工作的纯远程员工来说,这则通知无疑是一个内部炸弹。

那么,纯远程员工们的选择有哪些呢?经典的“三选一”模式:

第一个选项,可以选择就近的办公室报道。从卧室换到了临时工作站,好歹换了个窗户景色。

第二个选项,勇敢地迁往亚马逊在西雅图、纽约、旧金山和弗吉尼亚等地的大本营。

最后一个选项,嗯,是最“奋不顾身”的,老子不干了!

当然,亚马逊还表示,选择搬家的员工还会有搬迁福利。具体搬迁地点将由部门决定,目前尚不清楚有多少纯远程员工必须因为工作而搬家。

可能在咱们的大厂员工看来,这些选项也都还在接受范围内,但实际情况是这个安排并不被亚马逊员工们买单。

这是因为,整个办公政策变化最具争议的一点在于,当时招聘时宣称的完全远程职位,也需要员工返回办公室上班。对于这一批远程员工来说,这就像是小时候拿错了玩具,又不得不把它送回商店。

随着RTO的推出,大家都明白这其中的潜台词,亚马逊纯远程的岗位可能将变得越来越稀少,这也意味着在亚马逊,“纯远程办公”成为了过去式。

02 “异议联盟”的顾虑

根据外媒的报道,这个政策甫一推出,就在员工群体中激起了激烈讨论。

当周的周五,一批热血沸腾的员工在Slack上点燃了反抗RTO的第一把烈火,近1.4万名员工加入了这个“异议联盟”。他们甚至起草了一封请愿书,直接寄给了雅西和领导团队,要求撤销这个新政策。

这份请愿书可不是闹着玩的,里面的内容充满了对亚马逊立场的不满。

他们说,这个新政策和亚马逊一直强调的多样性、包容性、可持续性,以及成为“地球上最好的雇主”的目标背道而驰。

这封请愿信写道:“我们,下面的签名者,呼吁亚马逊保护其作为全球零售和技术领导者的角色和地位,立即取消重返办公室政策,并发布一项新政策,允许员工在他们的团队和工作角色允许的情况下,选择远程工作或更灵活地工作。”

这可不仅仅是文字游戏,员工们还援引了公司CEO雅西之前的言论,他曾在声明中强调了没有“一刀切”的方法,还夸赞了远程工作的种种益处。

“异议联盟”指出,很多员工曾信任这些话,却被新政策撕裂了信任的纽带。这是最具剧情反转性的一幕。

请愿书引用了内部数据,显示出相当一部分员工更倾向于全职远程、每月办公室工作一天,或每周最多一到两天。这不仅提高了工作效率,还能让公司节省开支,留住顶尖人才。

而且,他们也担心恢复线下工作会影响员工的生活平衡。

员工们甚至开始质疑,为什么亚马逊一定要让所有员工都回办公室?有些全球团队的员工或许只是去办公室参加虚拟会议。

如果将“异议联盟”中所有“异议”或者顾虑进行分类,大概有以下几类:

生活质量顾虑:员工们担心在西雅图生活不便,可能与高昂的租金和其他成本有关,这使得他们对于被要求前往办公室工作产生了疑虑。

经济负担顾虑:员工们关注到亚马逊的存在对城市租金的影响,认为因为亚马逊而导致的租金上涨可能会增加他们的经济压力。

工作生活平衡顾虑:一些员工建议快速离开亚马逊,寻找一个更能提供良好工作生活平衡的公司,这可能反映出他们对于自身工作和生活平衡的重视。

对RTO没那么反感的员工则认为,回到办公室工作可能会提供更多的升职机会,这种顾虑与个人职业发展和亚马逊的内部政策相关。此外,愿意回到办公室的员工不仅有助于公司运作,也能支持城市的基础设施,以维持城市的正常运转。

更长远地来看,一些员工相信,当前愿意前往办公室工作的员工人数比愿意远程工作的多,新一代的求职者可能会更加愿意回到办公室,这种变化可能会影响到远程工作人群的地位——“最重要的是风向。现在风向已经改变了,愿意去办公室的员工多于愿意在家工作的。等到下一代应届生求职时,很快那些不愿意去办公室的人可能会被取代。”

03 亚马逊CEO大破防

面对无论是员工的线上发声还是线下示威,亚马逊管理层并没有动摇RTO政策的执行,并逐渐加大了对那些难以遵守RTO的员工的处置力度。

上个月,亚马逊还制定了一项政策,规定任何不遵守RTO且未获得特例的员工将被迫“自愿辞职”。即便此时已有约3万名员工签署反对请愿书。

或许在高层看来,这场骚动可能只是亚马逊一系列动荡中的一个次要篇章。眼下,这家公司正处于关键的成本节约时期。

就在今年1月,亚马逊宣布了其史上最大规模的裁员计划,预计将削减18,000个职位。与此同时,公司还进行了大规模的项目缩减和关闭。 

毕竟亚马逊目前正面临严峻的增长放缓,其股价在过去一年内下跌了超过30%,这样降本增效的大背景下,亚马逊对RTO政策的执著也就不难理解了。


当然,冠冕堂皇的说辞还是必要的。亚马逊的代表透露,自从二月份开始实施RTO政策以来,公司观察到公司的活力增加,协作和联系更加频繁,因此,公司将继续探索让团队在同一地点集聚的方式,并承诺在影响员工的决策上与员工直接沟通。

而且亚马逊并不是唯一一家需要重返办公室的科技巨头。它的许多同行,包括苹果、谷歌和Salesforce,都在执行类似的规定。

只是没想到,外媒最近挖到了高层对此的更多无奈与强硬态度。亚马逊CEO Jassy 向不愿返回办公室的员工传达了一条信息:“这对你们行不通。”

根据Insider的报道,Jassy表示,员工要遵从回办公室工作的政策,否则他们的工作可能会受到威胁。

Jassy还透露,自己曾与其他60~80名首席执行官谈过关于远程办公的问题,“几乎所有人”都更喜欢将员工带回办公室。他还引用了亚马逊著名的领导原则,告诉员工寻求理由或抱怨的时代已经结束了。

04 为什么不再鼓吹远程办公了?

亚马逊在全球拥有近 140 万名员工,堪称世界上最大的雇主之一,如此庞大的科技公司,为什么非得员工回到办公室?而不继续保留原有更灵活的混合制?

通常来说,特别强调同一物理空间上进行团队协作和创新、或者对监督管理、安全和保密性上有很高要求的公司,才会完全不考虑远程办公,必须要员工线下到位。亚马逊显然不属于这一类公司。

亚马逊对此的反馈是,要提高效率。

二月份的公告中,Jassy说,自己和他的高级管理团队(被称为 S 团队)观察到,与其他员工一起在办公室时“更容易学习、模仿、实践和加强我们的文化”。他认为面对面交流、协作、学习和发明会更容易、更有效。

但拿效率说事,在没有扎实的对比数据说明亚马逊的远程员工们在远程时效率更低的情况下,是不堪一击的。如果论追求效率和创新,游戏行业不亚于科技公司,但很多独立的游戏公司都是完全远程的,他们都不在乎效率和创新吗?

亚马逊肯定是笃定彻底关闭远程办公利大于弊,才会开始“变脸”。至于其中的利,除了官方的效率论之外,有人猜测是逼迫员工自行离职,也有人猜测,近年来科技劳动力获得了很多“权力”,这开始让许多高管感到不舒服,高管们希望借彻底取消远程营造危机感,重夺话语权。

亚马逊并不是唯一一家在远程办公问题上吃了闭门羹的公司。

疫情的出现,将远程办公的普及摁下了加速键,因此有了更大范围的社会实践,有了大范围的社会实践,自然就会有成功和失败的经验之谈。

于是,大家开始意识到,远程办公虽然在某些方面带来了便利和灵活性,但也开始引发一些问题,这一趋势是否真的是一个完美的解决方案?

显然不是。《哈佛商业评论》对硅谷的远程办公实践进行剖析认为,成功的远程工作基于三个核心原则:沟通、协调和文化。从广义上讲,沟通是交换信息的能力,协调是朝着共同目标努力的能力,文化是促进信任和参与的一套共同的习俗。为了使远程工作取得成功,公司(及其内部团队)必须创建支持这些原则的清晰流程。

一家公司维持一定比例的员工远程办公是很困难的,不仅需要深思熟虑的战略,还要几乎百分之百可靠地执行。

但如果做得好,回报也会很高:生产力提高、员工更快乐、成本节约等等。

总的来说,远程办公虽然带来了一些好处,但也引发了一系列问题。公司需要仔细权衡远程办公的利与弊,找到一个平衡,以确保员工的合作性、心理健康和工作效率不受损。

这也是一个提醒我们的时刻:技术可以改变很多,但人类的本性和渴望是始终不变的。

所以,无论是否执着于取消远程办公或者坚持远程办公,每一家公司都需要重新思考如何平衡虚拟和现实,科技和人性。

Thursday, August 31, 2023

Door Frame Repair Costs

Here is the article. 

The average cost to repair a door frame is $82 to $165 depending on the extent of the damage. Repairs to French door frames cost $210, and sliding door frame repairs run $100 to $240. Pocket door repair ranges from $40 to $280. Installing a new pre-hung door and frame costs $109 to $440.

Brand: Yogo Vision Bifocal Reading Glasses 2 Pack Metal Full Rim Readers Rectangle Glasses for Reading Men and Women

Stephan Orban | Linkedin profile

 VP, Migrations, ISVs, & Marketplace @ Google Cloud

VP, Migrations, ISVs, & Marketplace @ Google Cloud
Google · Full-timeSep 2022 - Present · 1 yr
    • Since joining Google Cloud, I’ve spent my time across 3 key areas: 1/ Helping customers worldwide transform their business by migrating to Google Cloud. In May of 2023, we launched the Rapid Migration Program (RaMP) to provide customers and partners a holistic approach to help them migrate to Google Cloud with speed and confidence. 2/ Building earth’s most open and innovative ISV & genAI ecosystem. Our teams manage the relationships, co-selling, and joint go-to-market with earth’s most influential software & genAI companies, including Palo Alto, MongoDB, Salesforce, Splunk, Anthropic, Cohere, Nvidia, and more. 3/ P&L owner for the Google Cloud Marketplace, which helps customers find, buy, and use software and data from earth’s most open and innovative ecosystem.

How Sabre migrated their apps and data centers to Google Cloud with speed and ease

 Large-scale cloud migrations, done well, are more than a technical exercise. They require large organizations to think through their people, process, and culture alongside the technical changes. In this session, Google Cloud VP of Migrations & GenAI Partnerships Stephen Orban will sit down with Joe DiFonzo, CIO of Sabre, for a live fireside chat on the best practices (both technical and non-technical) we've learned make migrations successful, and how Sabre applied them to their data center migrations. We'll also provide an update on all the latest and greatest migration technologies and programs offered by Google Cloud. If a migration is on your radar, this is 'must-see TV'.

Washington State Property Taxes

 Washington State Property Taxes

The state's average effective tax rate is 0.84%, though high home values mean the median annual property tax payment is $4,061. If this tax structure appeals to you and you're looking to buy or refinance property in Washington, take a look at our Washington State mortgage guide.

LexisNexis

 LexisNexis is a part of the RELX corporation (formerly Reed Elsevier) that sells data analytics products and various databases that are accessed through online portals, including portals for computer-assisted legal research (CALR), newspaper search, and consumer information.[3][4] During the 1970s, LexisNexis began to make legal and journalistic documents more accessible electronically.[5] As of 2006, the company had the world's largest electronic database for legal and public-records–related information.[6]

RELX plc

 RELX plc (pronounced "Rel-ex") is a British[2] multinational information and analytics company headquartered in London, England. Its businesses provide scientific, technical and medical information and analytics; legal information and analytics; decision-making tools; and organise exhibitions. It operates in 40 countries and serves customers in over 180 nations.[3] It was previously known as Reed Elsevier, and came into being in 1993 as a result of the merger of Reed International, a British trade book and magazine publisher, and Elsevier, a Netherlands-based scientific publisher.

The company is publicly listed, with shares traded on the London Stock Exchange, Amsterdam Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange (ticker symbols: London: REL, Amsterdam: REN, New York: RELX). The company is one of the constituents of the FTSE 100 Index, Financial Times Global 500 and Euronext 100 Index.

Wednesday, August 30, 2023

为什么不小心磕碰后,皮肤就容易变紫?

 皮肤里埋藏了许许多多的血管。不但血管多,并且这些血管都具有共同的特点------管腔细小而管壁薄。这些小血管精贵得很,经不起外界压力。如果我们跌一跤只是屁股着地,一般不会发生乌青块,因为屁股皮下脂肪脂肪多,缓冲大。反之,像小腿前面、手臂外侧等地方皮下脂肪少而骨头与皮肤紧贴之处受到碰击的话,那就必然会出现乌青块。

一般而言,人体有一定的自吸收和自清理能力,轻微的瘀伤,不用干预,人体自身的恢复能力就可以彻底祛瘀,只是需要时间和耐心即可。

为什么不小心磕碰后,皮肤就容易变紫?

 这种现象是和毛细血管的脆性有关系,我们的身体内遍布着毛细血管网,细如发丝,甚至比发丝还细,正是这些毛细血管,才能源源不断的给所有的组织和器官,供给养料和氧气。

如果毛细血管的脆性不好,在摩擦撞击的情况下毛细血管破裂,红细胞就会从毛细血管当中渗出来,渗到皮下和周围的组织。刚开始渗出来,红细胞的颜色还是鲜红或者暗红的数量多就会成紫红随着时间的推移,渗出的红细胞一点一点的被吸收掉这就逐渐褪去了,有的时候红细胞当中所含的血红蛋白还会被氧化变成高铁,血红蛋白就会呈现褐色和黑色。
这种体质一般是天生的,几乎没有什么有效的方法能够预防淤青。
积雪草,山金车,维生素k1,这些都能够帮助淤青快速的消退。所以在水光注射或者玻尿酸注射肉毒素注射之后,如果在颜面部出现了淤青,可以用基因枪导入维生素k1,可以在三天左右消除淤青,外涂积雪草和山金车的护肤品,也会加强淤青的消散。

Rogers | Rogers charge for data overage

 How much does Rogers charge for data overages?

For its new shared family plans, Rogers has increased its data overage charge by 40 per cent: from $5 to $7 for each additional one-tenth of a gigabyte. A full extra GB now costs $70 — a $20 hike. Bell also charges $7 for every extra tenth of a GB for new customers and those switching plans.

July 9, 2017 

2013 Kia sportage | Gas mileage

 Turbocharged 2013 Kia Sportage is powerful and practical (pictures) Highlighting how well its efficiency technologies work, the SX also rates at 21 mpg city and 28 mpg highway in EPA testing. Compare that to the other trims' 21 mpg city and 30 mpg highway. Adding all-wheel-drive knocks fuel economy down by about 3 mpg.Apr 23, 2013

Mount Rainier National Park

 On March 2, 1899, President William McKinley signed a bill passed by Congress authorizing the creation of Mount Rainier National Park, the nation's fifth national park. It was the first national park created from a national forest. The Pacific Forest Reserve had been created in 1893 and included Mount Rainier.


Rogers | Cancel add-on

 Cancel add-on

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This 1.5 GB monthly add-on will be removed on September 27, 2023 (the start of your next bill cycle). You can continue to use this data until the add-on is removed.

Pixel 4a 5G UW - Allow / Deny Data Roaming

 Checking your data roaming settings can be helpful, especially if you're traveling internationally and have no network connection or can't send / receive email, text, pics or videos.

  1. From a Home screen, swipe up to display all apps.
  2. Navigate:
    Settings  Settings icon
    Network & internet
    SIMs
    .
  3. Tap 
    Roaming
     to turn on On icon or off Off icon.
    If prompted with 'Allow data roaming?', tap 
    OK
     if you agree.

TRAFFIC If you cross the double lines of I-405 toll lanes to avoid a crash, will you be ticketed?

 The High Occupancy Toll lanes have double lines that drivers are forbidden to cross, expect in designated sections where cars are allowed to exit and enter. Otherwise, drivers can be ticketed.

Dealing with double solid lines

 Knowing the rules around double solid lines will help everyone stay safe on our roadways and reduce collisions. Regarding double solid lines, the Motor Vehicle Act states that the driver of a vehicle must drive it to the right of the line only , which means you cannot pass someone over a double solid line.

夏威夷茂宜岛灾难性野火 “意想不到的祸根”竟在几十年前种下

 夏威夷州的入侵草种大部分来自非洲,当初引入作为牲口的牧草,并不知道几十年后会成为危险。这些草种耐旱、能够侵入复杂的地形跟逐渐消灭当地的物种,在美国西部也同样是越来越大的威胁。Carla DAntonio / University of California, Santa Barbara  法新社

美国夏威夷州茂宜岛日前发生了超过一百人遇害的灾难性野火,各界的目光现在转到了一个意想不到的罪魁祸首,也就是在夏威夷群岛已大规模蔓延生长几十年的入侵草种。

法新社报导,这些成为完美燃料的入侵草种不只耐旱,也能够侵入复杂的地形,并且逐渐消灭当地的物种,在美国西部也同样是越来越大的威胁,让毁灭性大火越来越多。

加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校生态学教授丹东尼奥(Carla DAntonio)受访时指出,“入侵草类十分可燃,它们改变地貌,制造更有利于更多大火的条件。突然之间,我们就见到了更多的大火”。

丹东尼奥一直在研究这些入侵草种,时间超过了30年。她表示,这些草类死亡时没有分解,继续“站在原地很长一段时间,如骨头一样干掉。这些草类也很顽强,比原生物种更能经历大火而幸存,并逐渐加以取代。

这些入侵草种有野牛草(buffelgrass)、几内亚草(Guinea grass)跟糖蜜草(molasses grass),大部分来自非洲,当初引入作为牲口的牧草,并不知道几十年后会成为危险。

由于全球化的关系,夏威夷在1990年代迎来了甘蔗种植园倒闭,这也产生了灾难性后果。因为大片土地荒芜,让入侵草种有机可乘。

夏威夷大学玛诺亚分校的火灾生态学者特劳尼希特(Clay Trauernicht)指出,在最近几十年内,夏威夷每年被烧毁的面积增加了300%,“没错,夏威夷许多地区正趋于更干旱的环境,但随着我们已经进入‘后种植园年代’,火灾问题主要归因于大地主不加管理的大范围非原生草地”。

尽管夏威夷享有热带美誉,却正变得更加干燥。2016年的一项研究显示,跟一个世纪前相比,该州有九成区域降雨量减少。由于气候变迁造成的温度上升及冗长的干旱期,还有侵入草类的威胁越来越大,茂宜郡(Maui County)在2021年的防火报告中,已将火灾称作日益严重的威胁,并建议采取积极计划,“用原生植物取代这些危险的燃料来源,以减少可燃燃料,同时增加提升保水性”。


“入侵植物野蛮生长,为夏威夷毛伊岛大火提供了燃料”

 (观察者网讯)当地时间8月8日,美国夏威夷州毛伊岛发生大火,截至12日已造成至少93人死亡,成为美国百年来致死人数最多的一场大火。为何野火能在极短的时间内以如此凶猛的势头蔓延?美国媒体将问题归咎于严重的干旱和入侵植物的野蛮生长,认为这些因素助长了火势。

“入侵植物如何导致毛伊岛大火肆虐?”美国《纽约时报》13日以此为题发文称,由于缺少遏制措施,几内亚草、糖蜜草和水牛草等外来植物近年来在夏威夷迅猛生长,已经占据了夏威夷近四分之一的土地。这些植物抗旱能力强、生长速度快且非常易燃,在干旱天气里为大火提供了快速蔓延的“燃料”。

文章称,夏威夷的几内亚草等外来植物大多源于非洲,最初是作为牲畜饲料被引入。但随着旅游业的增长,夏威夷本地的种植园自20世纪90年代以来逐步关闭,野草和原先种植经济作物的土地在转型期间陷入无人看管的状况,这给了外来植物占据闲置土地的机会。

外来植物不受控制的扩张,使得夏威夷岛上的生态陷入一种“恶性循环”。文章提到,雨季到来时,外来植物会在雨水的滋润下快速生长,有时每天能生长15厘米以上。当旱季来临,野草很容易在极度干燥的天气下燃烧。火灾肆虐过后,外来植物又会迅速取代不太适应野火的本地植物,加强“循环”过程的破坏性。

“这些野草具有很强的侵略性,生长速度非常快,而且非常易燃。”毛伊岛居民、夏威夷“太平洋火灾交流”(PFX)项目协调员梅丽莎·奇梅拉(Melissa Chimera)说,“这是导致火灾规模更大、破坏性更强的原因之一。”

夏威夷大学马诺阿分校野火科学和管理专家克莱·特劳尼赫特(Clay Trauernicht)也警告说,入侵植物大多生长在缺乏管理的前种植园土地上,一些野草甚至已经蔓延到住宅区的边缘,这很可能导致火灾规模在短时间内膨胀到不受控制的地步。

气候变化也对火灾起到助推作用。《纽约时报》称,近年来,夏威夷州频繁出现年平均降雨量下降、云层变薄和气温上升引发干旱的问题,导致破坏性的火灾数量激增。2020年,毛伊岛西部被列为夏威夷发生野火概率最高的地区,平均每年发生野火的概率超过90%。

美国有线电视新闻网(CNN)10日报道称,当天发布的美国干旱监测周报显示,夏威夷的干旱在过去一周内加剧,这助长了火势。毛伊县的严重干旱面积从前一周的5%上升到了16%,整个夏威夷州中度干旱面积则从6%上升到了14%。

特劳尼赫特等专家一直在呼吁夏威夷采取措施降低野火风险,包括修建防火墙、引进更耐火的植物、控制野草规模等。然而,夏威夷州还需要与美国西部十几个州争夺联邦野火拨款,遏制入侵植物所需的高昂成本和复杂后勤工作让夏威夷面临进退两难的窘境。

此外,人类活动也是夏威夷野火频发的关键因素之一。《纽约时报》援引研究人员的话称,夏威夷面临严重的住房短缺问题,大量无家可归者经常在野外做饭,增加了发生火灾的风险。营火、烟花等活动已经成为大多数火灾的起因。

根据美国夏威夷州毛伊县当地时间8月12日晚公布的消息,毛伊岛8日燃起的大火已造成93人死亡,成为美国百年来致死人数最多的一场大火,岛屿西部度假小镇拉海纳几乎被夷为平地。随着搜救人员继续在拉海纳废墟中搜寻尸体,预计死亡人数还会上升。

美国联邦紧急事务管理署(FEMA)统计的数据显示,重建拉海纳的成本估计为55亿美元(约合398亿人民币)。超过2200座建筑物在大火中损坏或被摧毁,过火面积超过2100英亩(约合8.5平方千米)。

在这起灾难中,夏威夷州政府的备灾和响应能力遭到了广泛质疑,州政府迟缓的行动被视为受灾区域扩大的原因之一。

据美国哥伦比亚广播公司(CBS)报道,夏威夷州自称拥有世界上最大的综合户外全灾害公共安全警报系统,整个群岛上安装有大约400个警报器,以提醒人们注意各种自然灾害和其他威胁。但许多拉海纳的幸存者表示,大火发生时,他们没有听到任何警报声。由于火势迅猛,一些人还被迫跳海逃生。

此外,大范围的电力和手机通讯中断阻碍了当地其他形式的警报。毛伊岛县长理查德·T·比森也承认,“政府的行动可能确实比跑到商店买东西送人的普通公民还要慢。”

路透社报道称,当地时间8月11日起,当地政府开始允许居民返回毛伊县西部,但拉海纳的过火区域依然设置了路障。当地官员警告称,阴燃区域可能有有毒气体,并称搜救行动仍在继续。目前仍有数百人失踪,但具体数字尚不清楚。不少当地居民在等待失联亲属的消息。